Written in Rust – a general-purpose compiled language with Korean keywords
function · if · iteration · variable · output
Write code in one of the world’s most beautifully designed writing systems.
Han is a statically typed, compiled programming language where each keyword is written in Korean. It compiles to native binaries via LLVM IR and also comes with a tree-walking interpreter for immediate execution. The compiler toolchain is written entirely in Rust.
HAN was born from the idea that programming did not need to look the same in every country. Hangul – the Korean writing system – is one of the most scientifically designed scripts in human history, and Han makes it work as a first-class programming language rather than just a display string.
- Korean keywords —
함수,만약,반복,변수– write logic in hangul - hangul identifier — Name your variables and functions in Korean
- compiled language – LLVM generates IR → Clang → Native binary
- interpreter mode – Run immediately without any sound
- REPL — with interactive mode
hgl repl - lsp server —
hgl lspEditor hover for document and completeness - static typing – 5 primitive types:
정수(int),실수(float),문자열(string),불(bool),없음(void) - arrays —
[1, 2, 3]indexing, negative indexing,.추가/.삭제/.정렬/.역순etc. - structures —
구조 사람 { 이름: 문자열 }With field access and impl block - Close —
변수 f = 함수(x: 정수) { 반환 x * 2 }with nav capture - pattern matching —
맞춰 값 { 1 => ..., _ => ... } - error handling —
시도 { } 실패(오류) { }try/catch - file I/O —
파일읽기,파일쓰기,파일추가,파일존재 - format strings —
형식("이름: {0}", 이름)positional or형식("이름: {이름}")Name - string methods —
.분리,.포함,.바꾸기,.대문자,.소문자etc. - module import —
가져오기 "파일.hgl" - generic syntax —
함수 최대값(a: T, b: T) -> T - underlying mathematics —
제곱근,절댓값,거듭제곱,정수변환,실수변환,길이
create hello.hgl: :
출력("안녕하세요, 세계!")
run it:
hgl interpret hello.hgl
# Output: 안녕하세요, 세계!
Or jump into the REPL:
hgl repl
한> 출력("안녕!")
안녕!
변수 텍스트 = "hello world hello han world hello"
변수 단어들 = 텍스트.분리(" ")
변수 단어목록 = []
변수 개수목록 = []
반복 변수 i = 0; i < 단어들.길이(); i += 1 {
변수 찾음 = 거짓
반복 변수 j = 0; j < 단어목록.길이(); j += 1 {
만약 단어목록[j] == 단어들[i] {
개수목록[j] = 개수목록[j] + 1
찾음 = 참
}
}
만약 찾음 == 거짓 {
단어목록.추가(단어들[i])
개수목록.추가(1)
}
}
반복 변수 i = 0; i < 단어목록.길이(); i += 1 {
출력(형식("{0}: {1}", 단어목록[i], 개수목록[i]))
}
함수 계산(식: 문자열) -> 정수 {
변수 부분 = 식.분리(" ")
변수 왼쪽 = 정수변환(부분[0])
변수 연산자 = 부분[1]
변수 오른쪽 = 정수변환(부분[2])
맞춰 연산자 {
"+" => { 반환 왼쪽 + 오른쪽 }
"-" => { 반환 왼쪽 - 오른쪽 }
"*" => { 반환 왼쪽 * 오른쪽 }
"https://github.com/" => {
만약 오른쪽 == 0 {
출력("오류: 0으로 나눌 수 없습니다")
반환 0
}
반환 왼쪽 / 오른쪽
}
_ => {
출력(형식("알 수 없는 연산자: {0}", 연산자))
반환 0
}
}
}
출력(계산("10 + 20")) // 30
출력(계산("6 * 7")) // 42
구조 할일 {
제목: 문자열,
완료: 불
}
변수 목록 = []
함수 추가하기(목록: [할일], 제목: 문자열) {
목록.추가(할일 { 제목: 제목, 완료: 거짓 })
}
함수 완료처리(목록: [할일], index: 정수) {
목록[index].완료 = 참
}
함수 출력목록(목록: [할일]) {
반복 변수 i = 0; i < 목록.길이(); i += 1 {
변수 상태 = "[ ]"
만약 목록[i].완료 {
상태 = "[✓]"
}
출력(형식("{0} {1}. {2}", 상태, i + 1, 목록[i].제목))
}
}
추가하기(목록, "한글 프로그래밍 언어 만들기")
추가하기(목록, "README 작성하기")
추가하기(목록, "HN에 올리기")
완료처리(목록, 0)
완료처리(목록, 1)
출력("=== 할일 목록 ===")
출력목록(목록)
=== 할일 목록 ===
[✓] 1. 한글 프로그래밍 언어 만들기
[✓] 2. README 작성하기
[ ] 3. HN에 올리기
함수 줄수세기(경로: 문자열) -> 정수 {
시도 {
변수 내용 = 파일읽기(경로)
변수 줄들 = 내용.분리("\n")
반환 줄들.길이()
} 실패(오류) {
출력(형식("오류: {0}", 오류))
반환 0
}
}
파일쓰기("/tmp/test.txt", "첫번째 줄\n두번째 줄\n세번째 줄\n")
출력(형식("줄 수: {0}", 줄수세기("/tmp/test.txt")))
- Rust (1.70+)
- to ring (for)
hgl build/hgl run)-xcode-select --installOrbrew install llvm
git clone https://github.com/xodn348/han.git
cd han
cargo install --path .
That’s it. hgl Now available globally.
hgl interpret Run with interpreter (no clang needed)
hgl build Compile to native binary (requires clang)
hgl run Compile and run immediately
hgl repl Interactive REPL
hgl lsp Start LSP server (hover + completion)
What can Han do now?
data types
- Integer (
정수), floats (실수), Wire (문자열), booleans (불) - Tables with negative indexing –
arr[-1]Returns the last element - Structures with field access and mutation –
사람.이름 = "홍길동"
control the flow
만약/아니면 만약/아니면(if/otherwise-if/otherwise)반복For-loop with init, condition, step동안while-loop멈춰(to break),계속(continue)맞춰Pattern matching – integer, string, bool, wildcard_bond
Work
- Named functions with typed parameters and return types
- Recursion (Fibonacci, Factorial, etc.)
- Closure/anonymous functions with environment capture –
변수 f = 함수(x: 정수) { 반환 x * 2 } - Clojure passed as argument (without type annotation)
strings
- combination with
+ - Methods:
.분리(sep),.포함(s),.바꾸기(from, to),.앞뒤공백제거(),.대문자(),.소문자(),.시작(s),.끝(s),.길이() - Character Sequencing –
문자열[0]
arrays
- Methods:
.추가(v),.삭제(i),.길이(),.포함(v),.역순(),.정렬(),.합치기(sep) - Read/Write Index –
arr[i],arr[i] = v - Negative Indexing –
arr[-1]
Structures and methods
- define:
구조 사람 { 이름: 문자열, 나이: 정수 } - Immediately:
변수 p = 사람 { 이름: "홍길동", 나이: 30 } - Impl with block methods
자신(Self):구현 사람 { 함수 인사(자신: 사람) { ... } }
error handling
시도 { } 실패(오류) { }– Catches any runtime errors including division by zero, file not found, out of range
file I/O
파일읽기("path")– reads the entire file into a string파일쓰기("path", content)– writes string to file파일추가("path", content)– adds to the file파일존재("path")– returns bool
construction of mathematics
제곱근(x),절댓값(x),거듭제곱(밑, 지수)정수변환(x),실수변환(x),길이(s)
format strings
- Named:
형식("이름: {이름}, 나이: {나이}")– substitute from current scope - Positional:
형식("이름: {0}, 나이: {1}", 이름, 나이)
module
가져오기 "파일.hgl"– runs another.hglfile in current scope
generic syntax
함수 최대값– Type parameters are parsed and hashed at runtime(a: T, b: T) -> T
⚠️ partial/edge cases
| Speciality | Situation |
|---|---|
| Serves as typed parameter | The syntax is not supported yet – f: 함수 fails. Pass closure without type annotation. |
없음 as literal value |
can not write 변수 x = 없음 yet – parser can’t handle 없음 as an expression |
| float + int mixed arithmetic | No inherent pressure – 1 + 1.5 fails. Use 실수변환(1) + 1.5 |
| nested structure region mutation | a.b.c = v Not supported – only one level deep |
closed in 맞춰 Hand |
Works, but must use arm body { } block syntax |
hgl build with arrays/structs |
Codegen stubs for arrays/structs – interpreter for those features only |
| Speciality | notes |
|---|---|
| Multi-Return / Tuples | no tuple type yet |
| enms | No 열거 keywords yet |
| Zero Security/Option Type | No 없음? or option |
| async/concurrent | Single-threaded only |
| Standard Library: Network, Process | No HTTP, no subprocess |
| garbage collection | only through reference counting Rc – cycle leak |
| tail call optimization | Deep recursion will cause stack overflow |
beauty of hangul
Hangul (한글) is not simply a writing system – it is an achievement of intentional linguistic design. Created by King Sejong the Great in 1443, each letter encodes phonetic information in its geometric shape. Consonants reflect the position of the tongue and mouth used to pronounce them. The vowels are composed of three cosmic symbols: heaven (·), earth (ㅡ), and human (ㅣ).
Han brings this beauty to programming. when you write 함수 피보나치(n: 정수) -> 정수You’re not just defining a function – you’re writing in a script that was purpose-built for clarity and beauty.
ride the korean wave
Global interest in Korean culture has never been greater. From K-pop and Korean cinema to learning Korean cuisine and the language, millions of people around the world are connecting with Korean culture. Over 16 million people are actively studying Korean as a foreign language.
Han offers these learners something unexpected: a way to practice reading and writing Hangul through programming. It bridges the gap between cultural interest and technical skills, making Korean literacy functional in an area where it never existed before.
language guide
변수 이름 = 42 // mutable variable
변수 메시지 = "안녕하세요" // string variable
상수 파이 = 3.14 // immutable constant
With explicit type annotations:
변수 나이: 정수 = 25
변수 키: 실수 = 175.5
변수 이름: 문자열 = "홍길동"
변수 활성: 불 = 참
함수 더하기(가: 정수, 나: 정수) -> 정수 {
반환 가 + 나
}
함수 인사(이름: 문자열) {
출력("안녕하세요, " + 이름)
}
만약 점수 >= 90 {
출력("A")
} 아니면 만약 점수 >= 80 {
출력("B")
} 아니면 {
출력("C")
}
for loop (반복):
반복 변수 i = 0; i < 10; i += 1 {
출력(i)
}
while loop (동안):
변수 n = 0
동안 n < 5 {
출력(n)
n += 1
}
loop control — 멈춰 (break) and 계속 (continue):
반복 변수 i = 0; i < 100; i += 1 {
만약 i == 50 {
멈춰
}
만약 i % 2 == 0 {
계속
}
출력(i)
}
example program
함수 팩토리얼(n: 정수) -> 정수 {
만약 n <= 1 {
반환 1
}
반환 n * 팩토리얼(n - 1)
}
함수 main() {
출력(팩토리얼(10))
}
main()
Output: 3628800
함수 합계(n: 정수) -> 정수 {
변수 합 = 0
반복 변수 i = 1; i <= n; i += 1 {
합 += i
}
반환 합
}
함수 main() {
출력(합계(100))
}
main()
Output: 5050
함수 main() {
반복 변수 i = 1; i <= 10; i += 1 {
만약 i % 2 == 0 {
출력("짝수")
} 아니면 {
출력("홀수")
}
}
}
main()
keyword reference
| keyword | Meaning | english equivalent |
|---|---|---|
함수 |
function definition | fn / function |
반환 |
return value | return |
변수 |
variable variable | let mut / var |
상수 |
immutable constant | const |
만약 |
conditional | if |
아니면 |
other branch | else |
반복 |
for loop | for |
동안 |
while loop | while |
멈춰 |
break the loop | break |
계속 |
continue loop | continue |
참 |
boolean truth | true |
거짓 |
boolean false | false |
출력 |
print to console | print |
입력 |
read from console | input |
Type system and operator
| Type | Description | llvm type | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
정수 |
64-bit integer | i64 |
42, -10 |
실수 |
64-bit float | f64 |
3.14, -0.5 |
문자열 |
utf-8 string | i8* |
"안녕하세요" |
불 |
boolean | i1 |
참, 거짓 |
없음 |
zero/no value | void |
(function return type) |
| operator | Description |
|---|---|
+, -, *, /, % |
arithmetic |
==, != |
Equality |
<, >, <=, >= |
Compare |
&&, ||, ! |
logical |
=, +=, -=, *=, /= |
workload |
Design and Architecture
Han follows the classical compiler pipeline, implemented entirely in Rust with zero external compiler dependencies (LLVM IR is generated as plain text):
Source (.hgl)
│
▼
┌─────────┐ ┌─────────┐ ┌─────────┐
│ Lexer │ ──▶ │ Parser │ ──▶ │ AST │
│(lexer.rs)│ │(parser.rs)│ │ (ast.rs) │
└─────────┘ └─────────┘ └────┬────┘
│
┌────────────┼────────────┐
▼ ▼
┌──────────────┐ ┌──────────────┐
│ Interpreter │ │ CodeGen │
│(interpreter.rs)│ │ (codegen.rs) │
└──────┬───────┘ └──────┬───────┘
│ │
▼ ▼
Direct Output LLVM IR (.ll)
│
▼
clang → Binary
han/
├── src/
│ ├── main.rs CLI entry point (hgl command)
│ ├── lexer.rs Lexer: Korean source → token stream
│ ├── parser.rs Parser: tokens → AST (recursive descent)
│ ├── ast.rs AST node type definitions
│ ├── interpreter.rs Tree-walking interpreter
│ ├── codegen.rs LLVM IR text code generator
│ └── lsp.rs LSP server (hover + completion)
├── examples/ Example .hgl programs
├── spec/
│ └── SPEC.md Formal language specification (EBNF)
└── tests/ Integration tests
Why text-based LLVM IR instead of LLVM C API?
Han generates LLVM IRs as plain text strings, avoiding the complexity of linking against LLVM libraries. This keeps construction simple (cargo build – no LLVM installation required) while still producing optimized native binaries via Clang.
Why both interpreter and compiler?
The interpreter enables quick execution without any toolchain dependencies beyond Rust. The compiler path exists for production use where performance matters. Same parser, same AST, two backends.
Why rust?
Rust’s enum types naturally map to AST nodes and token variants. Pattern matching makes the logic of the parser and interpreter clear and complete. Memory safety without garbage collection is suitable for a language toolchain.
46 tests (41 units + 5 integrations) covering lexer, parser, AST, interpreter and code generator.
MIT
Han – Where the beauty of Hangul meets the precision of the code.
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